Note from the editors: After previously looking into various ways to handle internationalization for Google’s web-search, here’s a post from Google Web Studio team members with tips for web developers.
Many websites exist in more than one language, and more and more websites are made available for more than one language. Yet, building a website for more than one language doesn’t simply mean translation, or localization (L10N), and that’s it. It requires a few more things, all of which are related to internationalization (I18N). In this post we share a few tips for international websites.
Avoid coming up with your own solutions like special classes or IDs.
As for I18N in style sheets, you can’t always rely on CSS: The CSS spec defines that conforming user agents may ignore properties like
So instead of embedding an alternative style sheet like
just use your existing
When taking this approach you’ll need to complement existing CSS rules by their international counterparts:
3. Use the
Since we recommend to stick with the style sheet you have (tip #2), you need a different way of selecting elements you need to style differently for the other directionality. As RTL contents require specific markup (tip #1), this should be easy: For most modern browsers, we can simply use
Here’s an example:
4. Use the
To target documents of a particular language, use the
For example, if you discover that bold formatting doesn’t work very well for Chinese documents (which indeed it does not), use the following:
For example, what’s
There are tools to make it easy to “flip” directionality. One of them is CSSJanus, though it has been written for the “separate style sheet” realm, not the “same style sheet” one.
If you have any questions or feedback, check the Internationalization Webmaster Help Forum, or leave your comments here.
Written by Jens O. Meiert and Tony Ruscoe, Tech Leads, Google Web Studio
Many websites exist in more than one language, and more and more websites are made available for more than one language. Yet, building a website for more than one language doesn’t simply mean translation, or localization (L10N), and that’s it. It requires a few more things, all of which are related to internationalization (I18N). In this post we share a few tips for international websites.
1. Make pages I18N-ready in the markup, not the style sheets
Language and directionality are inherent to the contents of the document. If possible you should hence always use markup, not style sheets, for internationalization purposes. Use@lang and @dir, at least on the html element:<html lang="ar" dir="rtl">Avoid coming up with your own solutions like special classes or IDs.
As for I18N in style sheets, you can’t always rely on CSS: The CSS spec defines that conforming user agents may ignore properties like
direction or unicode-bidi. (For XML, the situation changes again. XML doesn’t offer special internationalization markup, so here it’s advisable to use CSS.)2. Use one style sheet for all locales
Instead of creating separate style sheets for LTR and RTL directionality, or even each language, bundle everything in one style sheet. That makes your internationalization rules much easier to understand and maintain.So instead of embedding an alternative style sheet like
<link href="default.rtl.css" rel="stylesheet">just use your existing
<link href="default.css" rel="stylesheet">When taking this approach you’ll need to complement existing CSS rules by their international counterparts:
3. Use the [dir='rtl'] attribute selector
Since we recommend to stick with the style sheet you have (tip #2), you need a different way of selecting elements you need to style differently for the other directionality. As RTL contents require specific markup (tip #1), this should be easy: For most modern browsers, we can simply use [dir='rtl'].Here’s an example:
aside {
float: right;
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
}
[dir='rtl'] aside {
float: left;
margin: 0 1em 1em 0;
}4. Use the :lang() pseudo class
To target documents of a particular language, use the :lang() pseudo class. (Note that we’re talking documents here, not text snippets, as targeting snippets of a particular language makes things a little more complex.)For example, if you discover that bold formatting doesn’t work very well for Chinese documents (which indeed it does not), use the following:
:lang(zh) strong,
:lang(zh) b {
font-weight: normal;
color: #900;
}5. Mirror left- and right-related values
When working with both LTR and RTL contents it’s important to mirror all the values that change directionality. Among the properties to watch out for is everything related to borders, margins, and paddings, but also position-related properties,float, or text-align.For example, what’s
text-align: left in LTR needs to be text-align: right in RTL.There are tools to make it easy to “flip” directionality. One of them is CSSJanus, though it has been written for the “separate style sheet” realm, not the “same style sheet” one.
6. Keep an eye on the details
Watch out for the following items:- Images designed for left or right, like arrows or backgrounds, light sources in
box-shadowandtext-shadow values, and JavaScript positioning and animations: These may require being swapped and accommodated for in the opposite directionality.
- Font sizes and fonts, especially for non-Latin alphabets: Depending on the script and font, the default font size may be too small. Consider tweaking the size and, if necessary, the font.
- CSS specificity: When using the
[dir='rtl'](or[dir='ltr']) hook (tip #2), you’re using a selector of higher specificity. This can lead to issues. Just have an eye out, and adjust accordingly.
If you have any questions or feedback, check the Internationalization Webmaster Help Forum, or leave your comments here.
Written by Jens O. Meiert and Tony Ruscoe, Tech Leads, Google Web Studio
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